Development and laboratory validation of a plant-derived repellent blend, effective against Aedes aegypti [Diptera: Culicidae], Anopheles gambiae [Diptera: Culicidae] and Culex quinquefasciatus [Diptera: Culicidae]

Wood, Martyn; Bull, James; Kanagachandran, Kanagasooriyam; Butt, Tariq

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0299144

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Development and laboratory validation of a plant-derived repellent blend, effective against Aedes aegypti [Diptera: Culicidae], Anopheles gambiae [Diptera: Culicidae] and Culex quinquefasciatus [Diptera: Culicidae]

Martyn Wood, James Bull

, Kanagasooriyam Kanagachandran, Tariq Butt

PLOS ONE, Volume: 19, Issue: 3, Start page: e0299144

Swansea University Authors: Martyn Wood, James Bull , Tariq Butt

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DOI (Published version): 10.1371/journal.pone.0299144

Abstract

Mosquitoes of the genera Aedes, Anopheles and Culex vector a wide range of pathogens seriously affecting humans and livestock on a global scale. Over-reliance on insecticides and repellents has driven research into alternative, naturally-derived compounds to fulfil the same objectives. Steam distill...

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ISSN:	1932-6203
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spelling	v2 66086 2024-04-18 Development and laboratory validation of a plant-derived repellent blend, effective against Aedes aegypti [Diptera: Culicidae], Anopheles gambiae [Diptera: Culicidae] and Culex quinquefasciatus [Diptera: Culicidae] a5b65490dddd5e965ab6623bc2c7022d Martyn Wood Martyn Wood true false 20742518482c020c80b81b88e5313356 0000-0002-4373-6830 James Bull James Bull true false 85d1c2ddde272a1176e74978e25ebece 0000-0002-8789-9543 Tariq Butt Tariq Butt true false 2024-04-18 FGSEN Mosquitoes of the genera Aedes, Anopheles and Culex vector a wide range of pathogens seriously affecting humans and livestock on a global scale. Over-reliance on insecticides and repellents has driven research into alternative, naturally-derived compounds to fulfil the same objectives. Steam distilled extracts of four plants with strong, yet attractive, volatile profiles were initially assessed for repellency in a dual-port olfactometer using Aedes aegypti as the model species. Picea sitchensis was found to be the most repellent, proving comparable to leading products when applied at 100% (p = 1.000). Key components of conifer-derived volatile profiles were then screened via electroantennography before those components eliciting an electrophysiological response were assayed individually in the olfactometer; according to WHO protocol. The most promising 5 were selected for reductive analyses to produce an optimised semiochemical blend. This combination, and a further two variations of the blend, were then progressed to a multi-species analysis using the BG-test whereby bite-attempt frequency on hands was assessed under different repellent treatments; assays were compared between Aedes aegypti, Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus. Efficacy was found against all three species, although it was found that Ae. aegypti was the most susceptible to the repellent, with An. gambiae being the least. Here, a novel, naturally-derived blend is presented with weak spatial repellency, as confirmed in laboratory assays. Further work will be required to assess the full extent of the potential of the products, both in terms of field application and species screening; however, the success of the products developed demonstrate that plant metabolites have great capacity for use in the repellent sector; both to improve upon known compounds and to reduce the usage of toxic products currently on the market. Journal Article PLOS ONE 19 3 e0299144 Public Library of Science (PLoS) 1932-6203 21 3 2024 2024-03-21 10.1371/journal.pone.0299144 COLLEGE NANME Science and Engineering - Faculty COLLEGE CODE FGSEN Swansea University SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal) “All research excepting the BG-cage trials was supported as PhD research by the Knowledge Economy Skills Scholarships 2 (KESS 2) initiative; part funded by the Welsh Government’s European Social Fund (ESF) convergence program for West Wales and the Valleys with industry support from AgriSense BCS Ltd. 2024-04-18T19:47:43.5865046 2024-04-18T17:19:33.5177932 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences Martyn Wood 1 James Bull 0000-0002-4373-6830 2 Kanagasooriyam Kanagachandran 3 Tariq Butt 0000-0002-8789-9543 4 66086__30067__dbadd39904e947aa8f61b8a0403da838.pdf 66086.VoR.pdf 2024-04-18T17:32:16.6273777 Output 1490468 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2024 Wood et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title	Development and laboratory validation of a plant-derived repellent blend, effective against Aedes aegypti [Diptera: Culicidae], Anopheles gambiae [Diptera: Culicidae] and Culex quinquefasciatus [Diptera: Culicidae]
spellingShingle	Development and laboratory validation of a plant-derived repellent blend, effective against Aedes aegypti [Diptera: Culicidae], Anopheles gambiae [Diptera: Culicidae] and Culex quinquefasciatus [Diptera: Culicidae] Martyn Wood James Bull Tariq Butt
title_short	Development and laboratory validation of a plant-derived repellent blend, effective against Aedes aegypti [Diptera: Culicidae], Anopheles gambiae [Diptera: Culicidae] and Culex quinquefasciatus [Diptera: Culicidae]
title_full	Development and laboratory validation of a plant-derived repellent blend, effective against Aedes aegypti [Diptera: Culicidae], Anopheles gambiae [Diptera: Culicidae] and Culex quinquefasciatus [Diptera: Culicidae]
title_fullStr	Development and laboratory validation of a plant-derived repellent blend, effective against Aedes aegypti [Diptera: Culicidae], Anopheles gambiae [Diptera: Culicidae] and Culex quinquefasciatus [Diptera: Culicidae]
title_full_unstemmed	Development and laboratory validation of a plant-derived repellent blend, effective against Aedes aegypti [Diptera: Culicidae], Anopheles gambiae [Diptera: Culicidae] and Culex quinquefasciatus [Diptera: Culicidae]
title_sort	Development and laboratory validation of a plant-derived repellent blend, effective against Aedes aegypti [Diptera: Culicidae], Anopheles gambiae [Diptera: Culicidae] and Culex quinquefasciatus [Diptera: Culicidae]
author_id_str_mv	a5b65490dddd5e965ab6623bc2c7022d 20742518482c020c80b81b88e5313356 85d1c2ddde272a1176e74978e25ebece
author_id_fullname_str_mv	a5b65490dddd5e965ab6623bc2c7022d_*_Martyn Wood 20742518482c020c80b81b88e5313356__James Bull 85d1c2ddde272a1176e74978e25ebece_**_Tariq Butt
author	Martyn Wood James Bull Tariq Butt
author2	Martyn Wood James Bull Kanagasooriyam Kanagachandran Tariq Butt
format	Journal article
container_title	PLOS ONE
container_volume	19
container_issue	3
container_start_page	e0299144
publishDate	2024
institution	Swansea University
issn	1932-6203
doi_str_mv	10.1371/journal.pone.0299144
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
college_str	Faculty of Science and Engineering
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department_str	School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences
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description	Mosquitoes of the genera Aedes, Anopheles and Culex vector a wide range of pathogens seriously affecting humans and livestock on a global scale. Over-reliance on insecticides and repellents has driven research into alternative, naturally-derived compounds to fulfil the same objectives. Steam distilled extracts of four plants with strong, yet attractive, volatile profiles were initially assessed for repellency in a dual-port olfactometer using Aedes aegypti as the model species. Picea sitchensis was found to be the most repellent, proving comparable to leading products when applied at 100% (p = 1.000). Key components of conifer-derived volatile profiles were then screened via electroantennography before those components eliciting an electrophysiological response were assayed individually in the olfactometer; according to WHO protocol. The most promising 5 were selected for reductive analyses to produce an optimised semiochemical blend. This combination, and a further two variations of the blend, were then progressed to a multi-species analysis using the BG-test whereby bite-attempt frequency on hands was assessed under different repellent treatments; assays were compared between Aedes aegypti, Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus. Efficacy was found against all three species, although it was found that Ae. aegypti was the most susceptible to the repellent, with An. gambiae being the least. Here, a novel, naturally-derived blend is presented with weak spatial repellency, as confirmed in laboratory assays. Further work will be required to assess the full extent of the potential of the products, both in terms of field application and species screening; however, the success of the products developed demonstrate that plant metabolites have great capacity for use in the repellent sector; both to improve upon known compounds and to reduce the usage of toxic products currently on the market.
published_date	2024-03-21T19:47:39Z
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Development and laboratory validation of a plant-derived repellent blend, effective against Aedes aegypti [Diptera: Culicidae], Anopheles gambiae [Diptera: Culicidae] and Culex quinquefasciatus [Diptera: Culicidae]

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