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Growth Factor Concentrations in Human Milk Are Associated With Infant Weight and BMI From Birth to 5 Years

Laura Galante Orcid Logo, Shikha Pundir, Hanna Lagström, Samuli Rautava, Clare Marie Reynolds, Amber Marie Milan, David Cameron-Smith, Mark Hedley Vickers

Frontiers in Nutrition, Volume: 7

Swansea University Author: Laura Galante Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.3389/fnut.2020.00110

Abstract

Background: Human milk bioactives may play a role in infant health and development. Although the variability in their concentrations in milk is well-established, the impact of differential milk profiles on infant growth outcomes remains unclear. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate...

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Published in: Frontiers in Nutrition
ISSN: 2296-861X
Published: Frontiers Media SA 2020
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa68015
Abstract: Background: Human milk bioactives may play a role in infant health and development. Although the variability in their concentrations in milk is well-established, the impact of differential milk profiles on infant growth outcomes remains unclear. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether different concentrations of metabolic hormones are associated with different weight and BMI in infants beyond the first year of life.Methods: Milk samples at 2.6 (±0.4) months after birth and anthropometric measures at 13 months, 2, 3, and 5 years were collected as part of the Finnish STEPS cohort study from 501 mothers and the respective 507 infants. Leptin, adiponectin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and cyclic glycine-proline (cGP) in milk were analyzed. Multiple regression models and a repeated measures mixed model were used to examine associations between milk hormone concentrations and weight and BMI z-scores across time, at each time-point, and weight gain from birth to each follow-up visit. All models were corrected for birth weight, infant sex, duration of exclusive and total breastfeeding, time of introduction of solid foods and maternal pre-pregnancy BMI.Results: Higher milk IGF-1 was associated with higher weight at 13 months (p = 0.004) but lower weight at 3 (p = 0.011) and 5 years of age (p = 0.049). Higher cGP was associated with lower weight across the 5 years (p = 0.019) but with higher BMI at 5 years (p = 0.021). Leptin and adiponectin did not display associations with infant growth at this time. Sex interactions were also absent.Conclusions: Our results suggest that the interplay between human milk-borne IGF-1 and cGP is similar to that reported in other mammals and may have an important role in defining infant growth trajectories beyond the first year of life. Further research should explore the determinants and origins of these milk-borne compounds and evaluate their effect on infant growth and metabolism.
Keywords: BMI, cGP, human breastmilk bioactives, IGF-1, growth factors, adiponectin, leptin, infant growth
College: Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
Funders: This analysis was funded by the Liggins Institute FRDF (Faculty Research Development Fund, Grant No. 3716954) and University of Auckland Foundation (Grant No. 3708092). The clinical study and collection of samples was funded by the Academy of Finland (Grants Nos. 121569 and 123571).

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