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Surveillance of Pesticide Residues in Chile (2015–2023): MRL Exceedances, Sales Indicators and Highly Hazardous Pesticides

Sebastian Elgueta Orcid Logo, Guoqing Zhao Orcid Logo, Carlos Faundez Orcid Logo, Marco Campos Orcid Logo, Andrés Aracena Orcid Logo, César Zúñiga, Sebastian Molinett, Susana Contreras-Duarte Orcid Logo

Agriculture, Volume: 16, Issue: 7, Start page: 723

Swansea University Author: Guoqing Zhao Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.3390/agriculture16070723

Abstract

Intensive horticultural and fruit production in Chile relies on pesticides, raising concerns about compliance with residue limits and the continued availability of highly hazardous pesticides (HHPs). Recent national monitoring data from Chile indicate frequent detections of HHPs in plant-based foods...

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Published in: Agriculture
ISSN: 2077-0472
Published: MDPI AG 2026
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa71675
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This study analyzed official datasets from Chile&#x2019;s Ministry of Agriculture, combining food residue monitoring data from 2015 to 2023 with pesticide sales and import statistics as additional indicators of availability. Active ingredients were standardized to ISO names and CAS numbers and classified for HHP status based on FAO/WHO hazard criteria, with cross-referencing to the Pesticide Action Network (PAN). The results present surveillance indicators focusing on detection rates and MRL exceedance proportions. Between 2015 and 2023, residues were identified in 82.8% of the collected samples. The most frequently detected residues overall included fludioxonil, acetamiprid, pyrimethanil, fenhexamid, and boscalid, indicating a detection profile primarily characterized by fungicides with substantial contributions from insecticides. 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spelling 2026-04-23T16:31:36.4285513 v2 71675 2026-03-25 Surveillance of Pesticide Residues in Chile (2015–2023): MRL Exceedances, Sales Indicators and Highly Hazardous Pesticides 2ff29aa347835abe2af6d98fa89064b4 0009-0003-9537-9016 Guoqing Zhao Guoqing Zhao true false 2026-03-25 CBAE Intensive horticultural and fruit production in Chile relies on pesticides, raising concerns about compliance with residue limits and the continued availability of highly hazardous pesticides (HHPs). Recent national monitoring data from Chile indicate frequent detections of HHPs in plant-based foods and repeated exceedances of Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs). This study analyzed official datasets from Chile’s Ministry of Agriculture, combining food residue monitoring data from 2015 to 2023 with pesticide sales and import statistics as additional indicators of availability. Active ingredients were standardized to ISO names and CAS numbers and classified for HHP status based on FAO/WHO hazard criteria, with cross-referencing to the Pesticide Action Network (PAN). The results present surveillance indicators focusing on detection rates and MRL exceedance proportions. Between 2015 and 2023, residues were identified in 82.8% of the collected samples. The most frequently detected residues overall included fludioxonil, acetamiprid, pyrimethanil, fenhexamid, and boscalid, indicating a detection profile primarily characterized by fungicides with substantial contributions from insecticides. When restricting to HHPs classified residues, the most frequently detected HHPs included tebuconazole, captan, iprodione, spirodiclofen, chlorantraniliprole, and carbendazim, indicating a detection profile primarily characterized by fungicides, with significant contributions from insecticides. Records of exceedances were concentrated within a limited subset of residues, predominantly acetamiprid and dithiocarbonates, and were most frequently associated with apples, table grapes, cherries, blueberries, pears, and certain vegetables, notably leafy vegetables. The active ingredients classified within HHPs included fludioxonil, fenhexamid, tebuconazole, cyprodinil, and lambda-cyhalothrin. The findings support agronomic decision-making by emphasizing GAP/PHI reinforcement, targeted monitoring, and IPM-based substitution options for activities involving recurrent HHP detection. Journal Article Agriculture 16 7 723 MDPI AG 2077-0472 pesticide residues monitoring; maximum residue limits (MRLs); highly hazardous pesticides; pesticide sales declarations; Chile 25 3 2026 2026-03-25 10.3390/agriculture16070723 COLLEGE NANME Management School COLLEGE CODE CBAE Swansea University Another institution paid the OA fee This research was funded by ANID FONDECYT no. 1230872 2026-04-23T16:31:36.4285513 2026-03-25T11:44:21.7850427 Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences School of Management - Business Management Sebastian Elgueta 0000-0002-5931-5889 1 Guoqing Zhao 0009-0003-9537-9016 2 Carlos Faundez 0000-0003-4925-5277 3 Marco Campos 0000-0001-5334-2053 4 Andrés Aracena 0000-0002-8367-3520 5 César Zúñiga 6 Sebastian Molinett 7 Susana Contreras-Duarte 0000-0002-4198-7011 8 71675__36455__2f28d1db157b48e2b0f2750989e5381d.pdf agriculture-16-00723.pdf 2026-03-25T11:47:52.4980598 Output 868519 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2026 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title Surveillance of Pesticide Residues in Chile (2015–2023): MRL Exceedances, Sales Indicators and Highly Hazardous Pesticides
spellingShingle Surveillance of Pesticide Residues in Chile (2015–2023): MRL Exceedances, Sales Indicators and Highly Hazardous Pesticides
Guoqing Zhao
title_short Surveillance of Pesticide Residues in Chile (2015–2023): MRL Exceedances, Sales Indicators and Highly Hazardous Pesticides
title_full Surveillance of Pesticide Residues in Chile (2015–2023): MRL Exceedances, Sales Indicators and Highly Hazardous Pesticides
title_fullStr Surveillance of Pesticide Residues in Chile (2015–2023): MRL Exceedances, Sales Indicators and Highly Hazardous Pesticides
title_full_unstemmed Surveillance of Pesticide Residues in Chile (2015–2023): MRL Exceedances, Sales Indicators and Highly Hazardous Pesticides
title_sort Surveillance of Pesticide Residues in Chile (2015–2023): MRL Exceedances, Sales Indicators and Highly Hazardous Pesticides
author_id_str_mv 2ff29aa347835abe2af6d98fa89064b4
author_id_fullname_str_mv 2ff29aa347835abe2af6d98fa89064b4_***_Guoqing Zhao
author Guoqing Zhao
author2 Sebastian Elgueta
Guoqing Zhao
Carlos Faundez
Marco Campos
Andrés Aracena
César Zúñiga
Sebastian Molinett
Susana Contreras-Duarte
format Journal article
container_title Agriculture
container_volume 16
container_issue 7
container_start_page 723
publishDate 2026
institution Swansea University
issn 2077-0472
doi_str_mv 10.3390/agriculture16070723
publisher MDPI AG
college_str Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofhumanitiesandsocialsciences
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofhumanitiesandsocialsciences
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
department_str School of Management - Business Management{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences{{{_:::_}}}School of Management - Business Management
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description Intensive horticultural and fruit production in Chile relies on pesticides, raising concerns about compliance with residue limits and the continued availability of highly hazardous pesticides (HHPs). Recent national monitoring data from Chile indicate frequent detections of HHPs in plant-based foods and repeated exceedances of Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs). This study analyzed official datasets from Chile’s Ministry of Agriculture, combining food residue monitoring data from 2015 to 2023 with pesticide sales and import statistics as additional indicators of availability. Active ingredients were standardized to ISO names and CAS numbers and classified for HHP status based on FAO/WHO hazard criteria, with cross-referencing to the Pesticide Action Network (PAN). The results present surveillance indicators focusing on detection rates and MRL exceedance proportions. Between 2015 and 2023, residues were identified in 82.8% of the collected samples. The most frequently detected residues overall included fludioxonil, acetamiprid, pyrimethanil, fenhexamid, and boscalid, indicating a detection profile primarily characterized by fungicides with substantial contributions from insecticides. When restricting to HHPs classified residues, the most frequently detected HHPs included tebuconazole, captan, iprodione, spirodiclofen, chlorantraniliprole, and carbendazim, indicating a detection profile primarily characterized by fungicides, with significant contributions from insecticides. Records of exceedances were concentrated within a limited subset of residues, predominantly acetamiprid and dithiocarbonates, and were most frequently associated with apples, table grapes, cherries, blueberries, pears, and certain vegetables, notably leafy vegetables. The active ingredients classified within HHPs included fludioxonil, fenhexamid, tebuconazole, cyprodinil, and lambda-cyhalothrin. The findings support agronomic decision-making by emphasizing GAP/PHI reinforcement, targeted monitoring, and IPM-based substitution options for activities involving recurrent HHP detection.
published_date 2026-03-25T05:36:48Z
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