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Frequency and determinants of belief and lack of belief in gender identity in representative UK and US samples
Mark Blagrove,
Andrew Thomas 
Swansea University Authors:
Mark Blagrove, Andrew Thomas
Full text not available from this repository: check for access using links below.
DOI (Published version): https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9607536/v1
Abstract
Questions about ‘gender identity’ are frequently included in demographic and monitoring questionnaires and the term is used frequently in conversation and research. However, its meaning in often uncertain, ranging from a euphemism for sex to an ‘internal sense of gender’, or a combination of levels...
| Published: |
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Frequency and determinants of belief and lack of belief in gender identity in representative UK and US samples
2026
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| Online Access: |
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9607536/v1 |
| URI: | https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa71850 |
| Abstract: |
Questions about ‘gender identity’ are frequently included in demographic and monitoring questionnaires and the term is used frequently in conversation and research. However, its meaning in often uncertain, ranging from a euphemism for sex to an ‘internal sense of gender’, or a combination of levels of masculinity/femininity and beliefs about one’s sex and presentation. Given differences and uncertainties in the definition of gender identity, this research assessed frequency and determinants of belief and lack of belief in having a gender identity. Three representative samples from the UK (N = 302 & 300) and the US (N = 301) (ages 18 - 87; 431 males, 472 females), recruited via Prolific, were presented with 15 sets of questions. Each set included a factual biographic question (e.g., interest in sports), a question on presence or absence of an identity related to the biography question, and an importance rating of that identity if present. A response of ‘No’ to the question ‘Do you have a gender identity?’ was given by 23.6% and 21.1% of the UK samples, and 20.3% of the US sample. Gender identity was more likely to be affirmed by females (OR = 1.97) and by those who hold strong critical social justice attitudes (OR = 1.33). Importance of one’s gender identity was rated more highly by females (OR = 1.97). Future research should investigate the different understandings individuals have of the term gender identity and longitudinally assess societal changes in incidence of belief or lack of belief in gender identity. |
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| Item Description: |
Preprint currently being refereed by journal. |
| Keywords: |
Critical social justice attitudes; gender; gender identity; identity; sex differences. |
| College: |
Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences |