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Electrochemical performance of titanium (Ti), antimony-doped tin oxide on titanium (NiATOTi) and platinum- antimony-doped tin oxide on titanium (NiATOTiPt) anodes in closed loop flow wastewater treatment
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Chedly Tizaoui
Chemical Engineering Journal, Volume: 530, Start page: 173281
Swansea University Authors:
Navneet Yadav, Sina Younesi, Richard Palmer , Chedly Tizaoui
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DOI (Published version): 10.1016/j.cej.2026.173281
Abstract
This study addresses the efficiency of antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO)-based electrodes for electrochemical oxidation. We synthesised and compared three electrodes: bare titanium (Ti), nickel-ATO on Ti (NiATOTi), and platinum‑nickel-ATO on Ti (NiATOTiPt), fabricated via metal coating and annealing at...
| Published in: | Chemical Engineering Journal |
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| ISSN: | 1385-8947 |
| Published: |
Elsevier BV
2026
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| Online Access: |
Check full text
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| URI: | https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa71328 |
| Abstract: |
This study addresses the efficiency of antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO)-based electrodes for electrochemical oxidation. We synthesised and compared three electrodes: bare titanium (Ti), nickel-ATO on Ti (NiATOTi), and platinum‑nickel-ATO on Ti (NiATOTiPt), fabricated via metal coating and annealing at 520 °C. Comprehensive characterisation using XRD, EDS, SEM, and XPS confirmed phase structure, metal distribution, and composition. Electrochemical performance was assessed using methylene blue dye degradation, •OH generation, and Electrical Energy per Order (EEO). NiATOTiPt exhibited the highest •OH production and the lowest EEO, attributed to enhanced charge transfer and homogeneous surface properties. At 5 V, its degradation rate constant was 2.6 and 1.3 times higher than NiATOTi and Ti, respectively, increasing to 7.5 and 3.3 times at 10 V. A strong linear correlation was observed between degradation rate and •OH generation. While higher circulation flow rates improved degradation, excessive flow led to channelling, reducing efficiency. Ozone formation was negligible, confirming •OH as the main oxidant. Repeated use of NiATOTiPt electrode did not significantly affect its performance, showing higher degradation kinetics in simulated textile wastewater than in deionised water, albeit with higher EEO. Degradation products were identified and monitored using LC-MS/MS, and a degradation mechanism was proposed based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Fukui f0 values correlated strongly with rate constants (R2 = 0.991), indicating that higher local f0 leads to faster degradation. Overall, NiATOTiPt demonstrated superior efficiency, achieving EEO values below 1 kWh/(m3.order) for solutions in DI water and below 10 kWh/(m3.order) for simulated textile wastewater. These findings suggest that ATO-based electrodes, particularly NiATOTiPt, hold strong potential as an advanced oxidation process for effective and energy-efficient water treatment. |
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| Keywords: |
Electrochemical oxidation, Advanced oxidation process, Hydroxyl radical, Methylene blue, Textile wastewater, DFT |
| College: |
Faculty of Science and Engineering |
| Funders: |
Royal Society Newton International Fellowship to N. Y. (Project No. NIF\R1\222187), Dwr Cymru (Welsh Water), Commonwealth Scholarship Commission and the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office in the UK, EPSRC (EP/M028267/1), European Regional Development Fund through the Welsh Government (80708). |
| Start Page: |
173281 |