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Electrochemical performance of titanium (Ti), antimony-doped tin oxide on titanium (NiATOTi) and platinum- antimony-doped tin oxide on titanium (NiATOTiPt) anodes in closed loop flow wastewater treatment

Navneet Yadav, Sina Younesi, Ibrahim Prince Tholley, Richard Palmer Orcid Logo, Chedly Tizaoui Orcid Logo

Chemical Engineering Journal, Volume: 530, Start page: 173281

Swansea University Authors: Navneet Yadav, Sina Younesi, Richard Palmer Orcid Logo, Chedly Tizaoui Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1016/j.cej.2026.173281

Abstract

This study addresses the efficiency of antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO)-based electrodes for electrochemical oxidation. We synthesised and compared three electrodes: bare titanium (Ti), nickel-ATO on Ti (NiATOTi), and platinum‑nickel-ATO on Ti (NiATOTiPt), fabricated via metal coating and annealing at...

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Published in: Chemical Engineering Journal
ISSN: 1385-8947
Published: Elsevier BV 2026
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa71328
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We synthesised and compared three electrodes: bare titanium (Ti), nickel-ATO on Ti (NiATOTi), and platinum&#x2011;nickel-ATO on Ti (NiATOTiPt), fabricated via metal coating and annealing at 520&#x202F;&#xB0;C. Comprehensive characterisation using XRD, EDS, SEM, and XPS confirmed phase structure, metal distribution, and composition. Electrochemical performance was assessed using methylene blue dye degradation, &#x2022;OH generation, and Electrical Energy per Order (EEO). NiATOTiPt exhibited the highest &#x2022;OH production and the lowest EEO, attributed to enhanced charge transfer and homogeneous surface properties. At 5&#x202F;V, its degradation rate constant was 2.6 and 1.3 times higher than NiATOTi and Ti, respectively, increasing to 7.5 and 3.3 times at 10&#x202F;V. A strong linear correlation was observed between degradation rate and &#x2022;OH generation. While higher circulation flow rates improved degradation, excessive flow led to channelling, reducing efficiency. Ozone formation was negligible, confirming &#x2022;OH as the main oxidant. Repeated use of NiATOTiPt electrode did not significantly affect its performance, showing higher degradation kinetics in simulated textile wastewater than in deionised water, albeit with higher EEO. Degradation products were identified and monitored using LC-MS/MS, and a degradation mechanism was proposed based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Fukui f0 values correlated strongly with rate constants (R2&#x202F;=&#x202F;0.991), indicating that higher local f0 leads to faster degradation. Overall, NiATOTiPt demonstrated superior efficiency, achieving EEO values below 1&#x202F;kWh/(m3.order) for solutions in DI water and below 10 kWh/(m3.order) for simulated textile wastewater. 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spelling 2026-02-05T13:41:23.4084673 v2 71328 2026-01-28 Electrochemical performance of titanium (Ti), antimony-doped tin oxide on titanium (NiATOTi) and platinum- antimony-doped tin oxide on titanium (NiATOTiPt) anodes in closed loop flow wastewater treatment cd4b038baa1cf16ab644f0dd375df020 Navneet Yadav Navneet Yadav true false 45628a2929456fefd5d3d3fd6282dea0 Sina Younesi Sina Younesi true false 6ae369618efc7424d9774377536ea519 0000-0001-8728-8083 Richard Palmer Richard Palmer true false 4b34a0286d3c0b0b081518fa6987031d 0000-0003-2159-7881 Chedly Tizaoui Chedly Tizaoui true false 2026-01-28 This study addresses the efficiency of antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO)-based electrodes for electrochemical oxidation. We synthesised and compared three electrodes: bare titanium (Ti), nickel-ATO on Ti (NiATOTi), and platinum‑nickel-ATO on Ti (NiATOTiPt), fabricated via metal coating and annealing at 520 °C. Comprehensive characterisation using XRD, EDS, SEM, and XPS confirmed phase structure, metal distribution, and composition. Electrochemical performance was assessed using methylene blue dye degradation, •OH generation, and Electrical Energy per Order (EEO). NiATOTiPt exhibited the highest •OH production and the lowest EEO, attributed to enhanced charge transfer and homogeneous surface properties. At 5 V, its degradation rate constant was 2.6 and 1.3 times higher than NiATOTi and Ti, respectively, increasing to 7.5 and 3.3 times at 10 V. A strong linear correlation was observed between degradation rate and •OH generation. While higher circulation flow rates improved degradation, excessive flow led to channelling, reducing efficiency. Ozone formation was negligible, confirming •OH as the main oxidant. Repeated use of NiATOTiPt electrode did not significantly affect its performance, showing higher degradation kinetics in simulated textile wastewater than in deionised water, albeit with higher EEO. Degradation products were identified and monitored using LC-MS/MS, and a degradation mechanism was proposed based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Fukui f0 values correlated strongly with rate constants (R2 = 0.991), indicating that higher local f0 leads to faster degradation. Overall, NiATOTiPt demonstrated superior efficiency, achieving EEO values below 1 kWh/(m3.order) for solutions in DI water and below 10 kWh/(m3.order) for simulated textile wastewater. These findings suggest that ATO-based electrodes, particularly NiATOTiPt, hold strong potential as an advanced oxidation process for effective and energy-efficient water treatment. Journal Article Chemical Engineering Journal 530 173281 Elsevier BV 1385-8947 Electrochemical oxidation, Advanced oxidation process, Hydroxyl radical, Methylene blue, Textile wastewater, DFT 15 2 2026 2026-02-15 10.1016/j.cej.2026.173281 COLLEGE NANME COLLEGE CODE Swansea University Royal Society Newton International Fellowship to N. Y. (Project No. NIF\R1\222187), Dwr Cymru (Welsh Water), Commonwealth Scholarship Commission and the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office in the UK, EPSRC (EP/M028267/1), European Regional Development Fund through the Welsh Government (80708). 2026-02-05T13:41:23.4084673 2026-01-28T10:54:05.6827271 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Chemical Engineering Navneet Yadav 1 Sina Younesi 2 Ibrahim Prince Tholley 3 Richard Palmer 0000-0001-8728-8083 4 Chedly Tizaoui 0000-0003-2159-7881 5 71328__36126__60fbdf5553304f9081d16976b5f2c312.pdf Manuscript_AnodicOxidation_Accepted_Cronfa.pdf 2026-01-28T12:51:15.6643425 Output 6463230 application/pdf Accepted Manuscript true Author accepted manuscript document released under the terms of a Creative Commons CC-BY licence using the Swansea University Research Publications Policy (rights retention). true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
title Electrochemical performance of titanium (Ti), antimony-doped tin oxide on titanium (NiATOTi) and platinum- antimony-doped tin oxide on titanium (NiATOTiPt) anodes in closed loop flow wastewater treatment
spellingShingle Electrochemical performance of titanium (Ti), antimony-doped tin oxide on titanium (NiATOTi) and platinum- antimony-doped tin oxide on titanium (NiATOTiPt) anodes in closed loop flow wastewater treatment
Navneet Yadav
Sina Younesi
Richard Palmer
Chedly Tizaoui
title_short Electrochemical performance of titanium (Ti), antimony-doped tin oxide on titanium (NiATOTi) and platinum- antimony-doped tin oxide on titanium (NiATOTiPt) anodes in closed loop flow wastewater treatment
title_full Electrochemical performance of titanium (Ti), antimony-doped tin oxide on titanium (NiATOTi) and platinum- antimony-doped tin oxide on titanium (NiATOTiPt) anodes in closed loop flow wastewater treatment
title_fullStr Electrochemical performance of titanium (Ti), antimony-doped tin oxide on titanium (NiATOTi) and platinum- antimony-doped tin oxide on titanium (NiATOTiPt) anodes in closed loop flow wastewater treatment
title_full_unstemmed Electrochemical performance of titanium (Ti), antimony-doped tin oxide on titanium (NiATOTi) and platinum- antimony-doped tin oxide on titanium (NiATOTiPt) anodes in closed loop flow wastewater treatment
title_sort Electrochemical performance of titanium (Ti), antimony-doped tin oxide on titanium (NiATOTi) and platinum- antimony-doped tin oxide on titanium (NiATOTiPt) anodes in closed loop flow wastewater treatment
author_id_str_mv cd4b038baa1cf16ab644f0dd375df020
45628a2929456fefd5d3d3fd6282dea0
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author_id_fullname_str_mv cd4b038baa1cf16ab644f0dd375df020_***_Navneet Yadav
45628a2929456fefd5d3d3fd6282dea0_***_Sina Younesi
6ae369618efc7424d9774377536ea519_***_Richard Palmer
4b34a0286d3c0b0b081518fa6987031d_***_Chedly Tizaoui
author Navneet Yadav
Sina Younesi
Richard Palmer
Chedly Tizaoui
author2 Navneet Yadav
Sina Younesi
Ibrahim Prince Tholley
Richard Palmer
Chedly Tizaoui
format Journal article
container_title Chemical Engineering Journal
container_volume 530
container_start_page 173281
publishDate 2026
institution Swansea University
issn 1385-8947
doi_str_mv 10.1016/j.cej.2026.173281
publisher Elsevier BV
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Chemical Engineering{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Chemical Engineering
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description This study addresses the efficiency of antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO)-based electrodes for electrochemical oxidation. We synthesised and compared three electrodes: bare titanium (Ti), nickel-ATO on Ti (NiATOTi), and platinum‑nickel-ATO on Ti (NiATOTiPt), fabricated via metal coating and annealing at 520 °C. Comprehensive characterisation using XRD, EDS, SEM, and XPS confirmed phase structure, metal distribution, and composition. Electrochemical performance was assessed using methylene blue dye degradation, •OH generation, and Electrical Energy per Order (EEO). NiATOTiPt exhibited the highest •OH production and the lowest EEO, attributed to enhanced charge transfer and homogeneous surface properties. At 5 V, its degradation rate constant was 2.6 and 1.3 times higher than NiATOTi and Ti, respectively, increasing to 7.5 and 3.3 times at 10 V. A strong linear correlation was observed between degradation rate and •OH generation. While higher circulation flow rates improved degradation, excessive flow led to channelling, reducing efficiency. Ozone formation was negligible, confirming •OH as the main oxidant. Repeated use of NiATOTiPt electrode did not significantly affect its performance, showing higher degradation kinetics in simulated textile wastewater than in deionised water, albeit with higher EEO. Degradation products were identified and monitored using LC-MS/MS, and a degradation mechanism was proposed based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Fukui f0 values correlated strongly with rate constants (R2 = 0.991), indicating that higher local f0 leads to faster degradation. Overall, NiATOTiPt demonstrated superior efficiency, achieving EEO values below 1 kWh/(m3.order) for solutions in DI water and below 10 kWh/(m3.order) for simulated textile wastewater. These findings suggest that ATO-based electrodes, particularly NiATOTiPt, hold strong potential as an advanced oxidation process for effective and energy-efficient water treatment.
published_date 2026-02-15T05:35:15Z
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score 11.461458

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